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@Article{medicalsonification,
  author   = {Ziemer, Tim and Black, David and Schultheis, Holger},
  journal  = {Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics},
  title    = {Psychoacoustic sonification for tracked medical instrument guidance},
  year     = {2017},
  number   = {1},
  volume   = {30},
  abstract = {A psychoacoustically motivated sonification design is presented. It is intended to help surgeons navigate their scalpel to a target location in two-dimensional space. This is achieved by mapping spatial dimensions to audio parameters that affect the magnitude of different perceptual sound qualities. 
Distance and direction in the horizontal dimension are mapped to glissando speed and direction of a Shepard tone. The vertical dimension is divided into two regions. Below the target, the vertical distance controls the LFO speed of an amplitude modulation to create the impression of a regular beating well below the threshold of roughness sensation. Above the target height, the vertical deflection controls the depth of a frequency modulation to gradually increase the number and amplitudes of inharmonic partials, which affects the perceived consonance, noisiness and roughness. This redundancy is necessary because the magnitudes of each single sound quality are only differentiable with little confidence. In a preliminary study, non-surgeons successfully identified the target field out of 16 possible fields in 41% of all trials. The correct cardinal direction was identified in 84% of the trials. 

Based on findings and further psychoacoustic considerations, the mapping range is optimized and an implementation of an additional depth dimension is discussed.},
  doi      = {10.1121/2.0000557},
  eprint   = {https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000557},
  keywords = {auditory display, sonification, psychoacoustics, surgery, operating room},
}

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